86 Family Interview Preparation Guide

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address latch enable...in the case of microcontroller (8051)
& microprocessor 8085 the data line & low order 8 bit
address lines are multiplexed.in order to geting address
from this line we uses a latch.ALE is the line connected to
this latch saying that the take the address from the line.

NB: this is used only when we connecting our micro
controller to external mem.

It is a 16 bit special function register in the 8085
microprocessor.It keeps track of the the next memory
adderess of the instruction that is to be executed once the
execution of the current instruction is completed.In other
words, it holds the address of the memory location of the
next instruction when the current instruction is executed by
the microprocessor.

INTR ( interrupt request )

By using XNOR gate if the signals are same then only the
output will be one otherwise not.

Use 4 D-bascules connected in serial, all synchronized with
the same CLK. Then connect all 4 outputs, & 2nd output must
reverse, of the D-bascule to an AND logic. The output of
the AND logic sould have '1' when it detectes "1101". This
technic oftenly use for glitch detection in the signal.

used to interrupt cpu ,s normal execution routine and to get
its attention .mostly generated by an external devices,
timers,countres...etc

LIBRARY IEEE;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL; ----using all functions of
specific package---

ENTITY tollbooth2 IS
PORT (Clock,car_s,RE : IN STD_LOGIC;
coin_s : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(1 DOWNTO 0);
r_light,g_light,alarm : OUT STD_LOGIC);
END tollbooth2;

ARCHITECTURE Behav OF tollbooth2 IS
TYPE state_type IS
(NO_CAR,GOTZERO,GOTFIV,GOTTEN,GOTFIF,GOTTWEN,CAR_PAID,CHEATE
D);
------GOTZERO = PAID $0.00---------
------GOTFIV = PAID $0.05----------
------GOTTEN = PAID $0.10----------
------GOTFIF = PAID $0.15----------
------GOTTWEN = PAID $0.20---------
SIGNAL present_state,next_state : state_type;

BEGIN
-----Next state is identified using present state,car &
coin sensors------
PROCESS(present_state,car_s,coin_s)
BEGIN

CASE present_state IS
WHEN NO_CAR =>
IF (car_s = '1') THEN
next_state <= GOTZERO;
ELSE
next_state <= NO_CAR;
END IF;

WHEN GOTZERO =>
IF (car_s ='0') THEN
next_state <= CHEATED;
ELSIF (coin_s = "00") THEN
next_state <= GOTZERO;
ELSIF (coin_s = "01") THEN
next_state <= GOTFIV;
ELSIF (coin_s ="10") THEN
next_state <= GOTTEN;
END IF;

WHEN GOTFIV=>
IF (car_s ='0') THEN
next_state <= CHEATED;
ELSIF (coin_s = "00") THEN
next_state <= GOTFIV;

ELSIF (coin_s = "01") THEN
next_state <= GOTTEN;
ELSIF (coin_s <= "10") THEN
next_state <= GOTFIV;
END IF;

WHEN GOTTEN =>
IF (car_s ='0') THEN
next_state <= CHEATED;
ELSIF (coin_s ="00") THEN
next_state <= GOTTEN;

ELSIF (coin_s="01") THEN
next_state <= GOTFIV;
ELSIF (coin_s="10") THEN
next_state <= GOTTWEN;
END IF;

WHEN GOTFIF =>
IF (car_s ='0') THEN
next_state <= CHEATED;
ELSIF (coin_s = "00") THEN
next_state <= GOTFIF;

ELSIF (coin_s ="01") THEN
next_state <= GOTTWEN;
ELSIF (coin_s = "10") THEN
next_state <= GOTTWEN;
END IF;

WHEN GOTTWEN =>
next_state <= CAR_PAID;

WHEN CAR_PAID =>
IF (car_s = '0') THEN
next_state <= NO_CAR;
ELSE
next_state<= CAR_PAID;
END IF;

WHEN CHEATED =>
IF (car_s = '1') THEN
next_state <= GOTZERO;
ELSE
next_state <= CHEATED;
END IF;

END CASE;
END PROCESS;-----End of Process 1
-------PROCESS 2 for STATE REGISTER CLOCKING--------
PROCESS(Clock,RE)
BEGIN
IF RE = '1' THEN
present_state <= GOTZERO;
----When the clock changes from low to high,the state of
the system
----stored in next_state becomes the present state-----
ELSIF Clock'EVENT AND Clock ='1' THEN
present_state <= next_state;
END IF;
END PROCESS;-----End of Process 2-------
---------------------------------------------------------
-----Conditional signal assignment statements----------
r_light <= '0' WHEN present_state = CAR_PAID ELSE '1';
g_light <= '1' WHEN present_state = CAR_PAID ELSE '0';
alarm <= '1' WHEN present_state = CHEATED ELSE '0';
END Behav;

Charging a Capacitor:

The voltage across the capacitor is not instantaneously
equal to that of the voltage across the battery when the
switch is closed. The voltage on the capacitor builds up as
more and more charges flows onto the capacitor until the
battery is no longer able to "push" any more charge onto
the capacitor, at which point the capacitor becomes fully
charged.
The initial flow of charges from the battery to the
capacitor means that there is a current flowing through the
system until the capacitor is charged. This current flow
decays exponentially from some initial value to zero.
DisCharging a Capacitor:
Switch remains open and voltage across capaciotr decreses
untill it reaches zero.

in binary counter the flip flop of lowest order position is
complemented with every pulse.this means that JK input
position must me maintained with logic one

1)Short both I/Ps of NAND gate & use the gate as an
inverter.

2)Connect any one of the two I/Ps to VCC & use the
remaining I/P & use the gate as an inverter.

mov ro,#10h

here:
acall fun
inc a1
djnz ro,here

it is a combination of hardware and software to perform
desired task

In a multiplexed bus system, many devices are connected to
a common bus. If 2 or more devices attempt to use the bus
at the same time , then data will be lost. Thus only one
one device must be allowed to use the bus at a time. O e
method is to connect the devices through tri-state
devices , which when disabled will effectively discoonect
devices from the bus.

write a c code.
and generate the assembly for it using
cc -S xyz.c -o xyz.S
xyz.Swill contain assembly for your c code with instructions
of the processor of your computer/hardware

in isr there is no return value but in function call there
is return value

Set up time constraint signifies how late the input signal
can arrive before the active edge of the flip-flop. Smaller
the set up time, the better.
Hold time on the other hand signifies how long the value at
the input needs to be held stable after the the active edge.
Again the smaller the hold time, the better.
For estimating maximum clock frequency, set up time is critical.

a T flip flop act as a frequency divider

incoming clock by ODD value as assigned in genric
CLK_DIV_BY generic with

50% duty cycle
------------------------------------------------------------
-----------


library IEEE;
USE ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
USE ieee.std_logic_arith.all;
USE ieee.std_logic_unsigned.all;

entity FDIV is

generic(
CLK_DIV_BY : INTEGER :=15; --Give the
odd value with which you want to divide the clock i.e.
3,5,7,9
COUNTVALUE : INTEGER :=4 --Give the bit
count of division ratio value.Ex upto 3= 2 bits; 5 to 7 =
3; 9 to 15 = 4 and so on..
);

port(
CLK : in std_logic;
CLR : in std_logic;
DIV: out std_logic
);
end FDIV;
--------------------------------------------------
Architecture beh of FDIV is
signal DIV_pos, DIV_neg :std_logic;
signal posedgecounter :std_logic_vector((COUNTVALUE - 1)
downto 0);
signal negedgecounter,test :std_logic_vector((COUNTVALUE -
1) downto 0);
begin
-----------------------------
PROCESS(CLK,CLR)
begin
IF ( CLR = '0') THEN
posedgecounter <= (others =>'0');
ELSIF RISING_EDGE(CLK) THEN
posedgecounter <= posedgecounter + 1;
if posedgecounter = conv_std_logic_vector((CLK_DIV_BY -
1),(COUNTVALUE)) then
posedgecounter <= (others =>'0');
end if;
if posedgecounter <= conv_std_logic_vector(((CLK_DIV_BY -
1)/2),(COUNTVALUE)) then
DIV_pos <= '1';
else
DIV_pos <= '0';
end if;
END IF;
END PROCESS;
------------------------------
PROCESS(CLK,CLR)
begin
IF ( CLR = '0') THEN
negedgecounter <= (others =>'0');
ELSIF FALLING_EDGE(CLK) THEN
negedgecounter <= negedgecounter + 1;
if negedgecounter = conv_std_logic_vector((CLK_DIV_BY -
1),(COUNTVALUE)) then
negedgecounter <= (others =>'0');
end if;
if negedgecounter <= conv_std_logic_vector
(((CLK_DIV_BY -1)/2),(COUNTVALUE)) then
DIV_neg <= '1';
else
DIV_neg <= '0';
end if;
END IF;
END PROCESS;
----------------------------------------
DIV<= DIV_pos and DIV_neg;
----------------------------------------
end beh;

Put even number of not gates between clocks of reg A and
Reg B. The not gates will introduce delay between clock of
reg A and reg B.

Half Adder (for addition of two bits)
Full Adder (for addition of three bits)
Carry propagate adder
Carry save adder
Carry look ahead adder

x y c s
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0

The Transmission-Gate input is connected to the D_LATCH
data input (D), the control input to the Transmission-Gate
is connected to the D_LATCH enable input (EN) and the
Transmission-Gate output is the D_LATCH output (Q)

put one bubble in front of xor gate....